动词语法

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动词分类

实义动词

表示“做什么 / 发生什么”：

run, eat, think, work

系动词（连接用）

be, seem, look, become

助动词

作用：

• 构成时态
• 构成否定
• 构成疑问

be / do / have

情态动词（态度表达）

• can / could（能力、许可、可能性）
• may / might（许可、可能性）
• must（必须、强烈推测）
• shall / should（应当、建议）
• will / would（将来、礼貌请求）
• ought to（应当）

特点： - 后接动词原形（无 to） - 无时态变化（第三人称不变） - 否定加 not（cannot, shouldn't）

示例： - Can you help me?（你能帮我吗？） - You should study harder.（你应该更努力学习。） - It might rain.（可能要下雨。）

动词语法

被动语法

be + 过去分词

need -> be needed

第三人称单数

have -> has

只影响一般现在时，其他时态不用纠结。

动词的时态

过去分词: 动词 + ed

用法	结构	例子
现在完成时	have/has + 过去分词	I have eaten
被动语态	be + 过去分词	The homework was done
作形容词	过去分词修饰名词	a broken window

实际上英语真正常用的时态只有：

现在 / 过去 / 将来 × 简单 + 进行 + 完成 = 9 种常用。

简单时： I eat / I ate / I will eat 进行时： I am eating / I was eating / I will be eating 完成时： I have eaten / I had eaten / I will have eaten 这 9 个覆盖 99% 的实际使用场景。

⏰ 时间	🌱 核心时态（90% 用于日常）	🌿 常用补充（10%）	🪶 很少使用（可略）
现在 (Present)	✅ 一般现在时 → I eat.		⚪ 现在完成进行时 → I have been eating.
	✅ 现在进行时(be doing)[动作正在进行] → I am eating.
	✅ 现在完成时(have done) → I have eaten.
过去 (Past)	✅ 一般过去时 → I ate.	☑️ 过去完成时 → I had eaten.	⚪ 过去完成进行时 → I had been eating.
		☑️ 过去进行时 → I was eating.
将来 (Future)	✅ 一般将来时 → I will eat.	☑️ 将来进行时 → I will be eating.	⚪ 将来完成进行时 → I will have been eating.
		☑️ 将来完成时 → I will have eaten.

have done for have done since

过去现在的时间描述:

• The party will begin in 10 minutes.
• The party started 10 minutes ago.

非谓语动词

当动词不是句子的**主要谓语**

形式	名称	示例	用途
to do	不定式	to learn	目的 / 计划
doing	动名词 / 现在分词	learning	动作 / 过程
done	过去分词	learned	被动 / 完成

Learning English is important.

真正的谓语是 is， 而不是 learning。

短语动词（Phrasal Verbs）

短语动词是由动词 + 介词/副词颗粒组成，含义常与原动词不同，非常常见于口语。

短语动词数量众多，需要记忆

短语动词	中文含义	例句
look after	照顾	She looks after her younger brother.
look up	查找（字典等）	Look up the word in the dictionary.
look for	寻找	I'm looking for my keys.
look forward to	期待	I look forward to seeing you.
look out	小心	Look out! There's a car coming.
look at	看	Look at this.
turn on	打开（灯、水等）	Turn on the light, it's dark.
turn off	关闭	Please turn off the TV.
turn up	出现；调大声音	He finally turned up at the party.
get up	起床	I get up at 7 every morning.
get on	上车；相处	Get on the bus quickly.
get along	相处融洽	Do you get along with your neighbors?
put on	穿上；上演	Put on your coat, it's cold outside.
put off	推迟	Don't put off your homework.
go on	继续	Go on, tell me more.
go out	出去；熄灭	Let's go out for dinner.
come back	回来	When will you come back?
come up with	想出	She came up with a great idea.
break down	出故障；崩溃	My car broke down on the highway.
break up	分手；分解	They broke up last month.
run out	用完	We've run out of milk.
run into	偶遇	I ran into an old friend yesterday.
give up	放弃	Don't give up on your dreams.
pick up	捡起；接人；学会	Can you pick me up at the station?
find out	发现；查明	I found out the truth yesterday.
grow up	长大	What do you want to be when you grow up?
take off	起飞；脱下	The plane takes off at 8 PM.
wake up	醒来	Wake up! It's time for school.
hang up	挂断电话	She hung up without saying goodbye.
set up	建立；设置	They set up a new company.
call back	回电话	I'll call you back later.
make up	化妆；编造；和好	They made up after the fight.
carry on	继续	Carry on with your work.
fall asleep	入睡	I fell asleep during the movie.
work out	解决；锻炼	Let's work out at the gym.
hold on	等一下；抓住	Hold on, I'll be right there.
pay back	偿还	I'll pay you back next week.
check out	检查；结账离开	Check out the new book.
sit down	坐下	Please sit down and relax.
stand up	站起来	Stand up when the teacher enters.
ask out	邀请约会	He asked her out on a date.
bring up	抚养；提起	Don't bring up that topic again.
catch up	赶上	I need to catch up on my reading.
clean up	清理	Clean up your room!
cut down	减少；砍倒	Cut down on sugar for better health.
fill in	填写	Fill in the form carefully.
hand in	交上	Hand in your assignment by Friday.
let down	让...失望	Don't let me down.
point out	指出	He pointed out my mistake.
show up	出现	He didn't show up for the meeting.
try on	试穿	Try on this dress.
wait for	等待	I'm waiting for you.